Pancreaticopleural fistula: An unusual cause of persistent pleural effusion.

There are multiple causes of persistent pleural effusion. Pancreaticopleural fistula (PFF) is one of them. This is a rare entity that only occurs occasionally in differential diagnoses due to the fact that it is an extremely rare consequence of chronic pancreatitis in adults. We report the case of persistent pleural effusion resulting from a pancreaticopleural fistula in a patient with chronic pancreatitis. Case report We present a 63-year-old male patient complaining of progressive dyspnoea, cough and fever with a history of smoking, alcoholism and chronic pancreatitis. A chest X-ray performed in the Emergency Department (Fig. 1), revealed a massive left pleural effusion. A thoracocentesis was performed, showing a negative culture result for pathogens, with 60 % polymorphonuclear exudate in which 12,400 IU/L of amylase in pleural fluid stood out. A thoracic CT was performed, revealing infiltrate in the LLL and small ground glass alterations. Suspicion of a parapneumonic effusion led to medical treatment. However, the effusion worsened, and a new diagnostic and evacuative thoracocentesis was performed, with negative cytology for malignant cells, negative culture, a pleural biopsy with no evidence of tumour, and with high amylase levels standing out again at 10,156 IU/L. Given the persistent pleural effusion, a thoracic-abdominal CT was performed (Fig. 1) revealing a 28 mm pancreatic pseudocyst communicating with a liquid collection of 2 x 5.5 x 7 cm extending from the pancreas to the subphrenic space, and associated with the massive left pleural effusion. These findings indicated the presence of pancreaticopleural fistula. A medical treatment was initiated which consisted of fasting, total parenteral nutrition, chest drainage with a tube and octreotide, administered by subcutaneous injection of 100 µg every 8 hours, doubling the dose in the event of high drainage flow. An ERCP was performed aimed at stenting the main pancreatic duct, which was not technically possible due to the fact that the fistula was located in the pancreatic pseudocyst, in turn located in the pancreatic tail. Despite the initial medical treatment, the patient showed no improvement, so he was finally surgically intervened two months after the treatment was initiated. The intervention revealed a 2 cm diaphragmatic orifice exposing the pseudocyst to the pleural cavity and constituting the pancreaticopleural fistula. A distal pancreatectomy was performed as well as closure of the left diaphragmatic orifice. Due to the massive pancreatic inflammation, a splenectomy could not be avoided. These procedures were followed by a left pleural drainage …